Emkhakheni wokusebenza kwemishini, iisondo lesandlaiwukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwabantu nemishini. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuphakela kahle ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwethuluzi lomshini noma ukudluliswa kwetorque ngesikhathi sokuvula nokuvala ivalvu, isondo lesandla liguqula amandla ezisebenzi abe ukunyakaza okuqondile okuqondile noma okuzungezayo ngomklamo womshini ohlakaniphile. Le ngxenye ebonakala ilula eyisiyingi empeleni iqukethe izimiso zokuwasha eziningi ezifana nokudluliswa kwegiya, isimiso se-lever, okokusebenza kokungqubuzana, njll. Lesi sihloko sizohlaziya ukuthi isondo lesandla lingafinyelela kanjani "ukulawula okunembile kokusebenza okwenziwa ngesandla" kusukela kubukhulu bokwakheka kwesakhiwo, indlela yokudlulisa, izici zomshini, izimo zohlelo lokusebenza, njll., kuhlanganiswe, nezimboni ukuze kuhlinzekwe amakesi athile{4}emishini yedizayini ethile{4} onjiniyela nabasebenzisi bemishini.
Okuqukethwe
1. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sesondo lesandla: idizayini ehlanganyelwayo ukusuka kunqenqema ukuya ku-shaft
2. Umgomo wokudlulisa: ukuguqulwa kokunyakaza ukusuka ekuzungezweni kuye kokunyakaza komugqa
3. Izakhiwo zemishini: imodeli yezibalo yamandla okusebenza kanye ne-torque
4. Umehluko wezimiso ezimeni ezijwayelekile zohlelo lokusebenza
5. Amaphuzu abalulekile okuklama nokukhiqiza: ukulawulwa kwenqubo egcwele kusuka ezintweni ezibonakalayo kuya ekunembeni
6. Amathrendi embonini: ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile kanye nobuntu
1. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sesondo lesandla: idizayini ehlanganyelwayo ukusuka kunqenqema ukuya ku-shaft
1. I-Rim: "indawo yokuqala yokuxhumana" yokungqubuzana
I-Rim iwumgogodla wokusebenza wesondo lesandla, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kulandela isimiso sokukhulisa ukungqubuzana:
Ukuthungwa kwendawo: i-knurling evamile (ukuthungwa okuqondile/kunetha), amaphuzu ayi-convex, imifantu. Isibonelo, isondo lesandla lethuluzi lomshini lithatha ukuthungwa kwenetha elijulile elingu-0.8mm, i-coefficient yokungqubuzana iyakhuphuka isuka ku-0.3 iye ku-0.6, futhi izinga lokushelela lincishiswa ngo-40% uma lisebenza ngezandla ezimanzi;
Ukukhethwa kobubanzi: Ububanzi bamasondo avamile ezandla ngokuvamile bungu-100-300mm, buncane kakhulu (<80mm) will increase the operating force, too large (>400mm) izothatha isikhala. Ububanzi obukhulu besondo lesandla se-valve budinga ukuthi abasebenzi bagobe ukuze basebenze, behlise ukusebenza kahle ngo-25%.
2. Izikhulumi/izikhulumi: ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla nokukhanya
Inombolo yezikhulumi ngokuvamile i-3-6, ngokulandela isimiso sokusekela ngomshini:
Ama-spokes angama-triangular: Izikhulumi ze-3 zakha isakhiwo esizinzile, esifanele izimo zokulayisha ukukhanya (njengamasondo okulungisa insimbi);
Ama-oval spokes: ama-spokes angu-6 ahlakaza ukucindezeleka. Isondo lesandla lethuluzi lomshini osindayo lamukela idizayini enezinkulumo ezingu-6, futhi ithoshi yomthwalo iyakhuphuka isuka ku-50N · m iye ku-120N · m, futhi ukuwohloka kwehle ngo-30%.
3. Ihabhu nembobo ye-shaft: "i-interface eqinile" yokudlulisa i-torque
Ihabhu ixhuma isondo lesondo kanye nembobo ye-shaft, futhi ukhiye ulele ku-coaxiality control:
Idizayini yokhiye: amasondo ezandla ajwayelekile asebenzisa ukuxhumana kukakhiye oyisicaba (GB/T 1096), futhi itorque edlulisiwe Ingaphansi noma ilingana no-50N · m;
Uxhumo lomkhono we-tension: amasondo esandla aphezulu-anemba asebenzisa imikhono ye-tension (ISO 286-1), futhi iphutha le-coaxiality lingaphansi kuka-0.05mm. Isibonelo, isondo lesandla lokugaya elinembayo lisebenzisa umkhono we-tension ukufeza ukunemba kokuphakelayo okungu-0.001mm.
4. Isibambo/ukubamba: umnyombo we-ergonomics
Isibambo sinquma ukunethezeka kokusebenza futhi siklanywe ngokuya ngokugoba kwemvelo kwesundu:
Isibambo esiyicylindrical: ububanzi 30-40mm, ubude 80-120mm, bufanele ukuzungezisa isikhathi eside;
D-isibambo sohlobo: isondo lesandla ledivayisi yezokwelapha lisebenzisa-isibambo sohlobo, indawo elingana nesundu inyuka ngo-20%, futhi ukukhathala kokusebenza kwehla ngo-35%.
2. Umgomo wokudlulisa: Ukuguqulwa kokunyakaza ukusuka ekuzungezweni kuye kokunyakaza komugqa
1. Isondo{1}}elishayelwa igiya: Ukubala okunembile kwemojuli kanye nenani lamazinyo
Isondo lesandla lishayela iphinikhodi ukushayela irack noma igiya elikhulu ukufeza ukuguqulwa kokunyakaza:
Imojula (m): inquma ukuphakama kwegiya. Uma m=2, ukuphakama kungu-6.28mm. I-module ye-handwheel yomshini wokugaya yi-3, futhi ihambisana negiya lamazinyo angu-60, nesilinganiso sokuphakelayo esingu-180mm ngokujika ngakunye;
Isilinganiso sokudlulisela (i): i=Z2/Z1 (Z inombolo yamazinyo). Uma i=10, isondo lesandla lizungezisa izikhathi ezingu-10 futhi i-shaft yokukhiphayo izungeza isikhathi esingu-1, ifinyelela ukuncipha nokukhuphuka kwetorque.
2. Isondo lesandla legiya le-Worm: ukufezeka{1}}komsebenzi wokuzikhiya
Isebenzisa i-worm ukushayela isondo lezikelemu, inezici zokuzikhiya-ezihlehlayo:
Inani lamakhanda worm: i-single-head worm inesilinganiso esikhulu sokudluliselwa (i{1}}), kodwa ukusebenza kahle okuphansi (<50%);
Impahla yegiya lezikelemu: ithusi elivame ukusetshenziswa eliwuthayela (ZCuSn10Pb1), linciphisa ukuguga kwezikelemu, isondo elithile lesandla elinciphisa isivinini sekheshi lisebenzisa igiya lezikelemu ukuqinisekisa ukukhiya okuzenzakalelayo ngemva kokukhishwa mathupha ngesikhathi sokunqamuka kwamandla.
3. Isondo lesandla se-Screw nut: i-helix angle inquma ukusebenza kahle
Isondo lesandla liyazungeza ukuze lishayele isikulufu, futhi inathi lihamba ngokulandelana:
I-engeli ye-Helix (λ): iyazivala-uma ithi λ<4°, suitable for jack handwheel; efficiency>90% uma λ=15℃, ilungele isondo lesandla lethuluzi lomshini lokuphakelayo;
Ukuhola (P): P=i-pitch × inombolo yamakhanda, isondo lesandla elithile le-lathe linomthofu ongu-5mm, liphakela u-5mm ngokujika ngakunye, futhi lifinyelela ukunemba okungu-0.01mm/igridi ngokudayela.
4. Isondo lesandla sokudlulisa ifriction: anti{1}}idizayini eshelelayo yokuthungwa kwendawo
Ukunyakaza kudluliselwa ngokungqubuzana phakathi kwerimu nendawo yokuxhumana, okuvamile kumafindo okulungisa:
I-friction coefficient (μ): irabha-i-rim coated μ{1}}, ifanele ukucoliseka okunembayo{2}}okufana nesondo lesandla eligxilisa isibonakhulu, ukushintshwa kwe-1℃rotation 0.002mm;
Ukulungiswa kokulayisha kuqala: lungisa ingcindezi ngokusebenzisa iziphethu noma amantongomane, futhi ukulayishwa kuqala kwesondo lesandla lesisetshenziswa sokuhlola kuyalungiseka ukuze kuhambisane nezimo ezihlukene zomthwalo.
I-3.Izakhiwo zemishini: imodeli yezibalo yamandla okusebenza kanye ne-torque
1. Ifomula yokubala ithoshi: T=F × r
Irediyasi (r): Uma inkulu irediyasi yesondo lesandla, iba mancane amandla okusebenza adingekayo (F). Isibonelo: ngesondo lesandla elingu-200mm ububanzi (r=100mm), uma kudingeka okukhiphayo kwetorque engu-50N・m, F=50N・m/0.1m=500N;
Umkhawulo womshini-womuntu: Amandla okusebenza aqhubekayo owesilisa omdala anconywa ukuthi abe Ngaphansi noma alingane no-300N. Uma idlula, ithuluzi elisizayo lidinga ukwengezwa. Isibonelo, isondo elisindayo-lomsebenzi wevalvu lifakwe isinyusi sesivinini segiya, futhi amandla okusebenza ancishiswa ukusuka ku-800N ukuya ku-200N.
2. Ukuthuthukisa i-Lever: Indima ebalulekile yendawo yesibambo
Ibanga (i-lever) yesibambo kude nesikhungo samasondo sithinta ngqo i-torque:
Isibambo se-Eccentric: Isibambo sesondo lesandla se-crane singu-50mm eccentric, futhi i-torque inyuka ngo-15% ngaphansi kwamandla okusebenza afanayo;
Isibambo se-Symmetric: Idizayini yezibambo ezikabili ibhalansisa amandla, njengesibambo esilinganayo sesondo lokuqondisa lomkhumbi, ukugwema amandla angalingani abangelwa amandla ahlangene.
3. Ukulahleka kwefriction kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle
Ukukhetha i-Bearing kunquma ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisela:
I-sliding bearing: friction coefficient 0.1-0.2, ifanele amasondo esandla anesivinini esiphansi (<50rpm);
I-Rolling bear: i-friction coefficient 0.001-0.005, isondo lesandla elinesivinini esikhulu lisebenzisa ama-deep groove ball bearings, ukusebenza kahle kuyenyuka kusuka ku-85% kuya ku-98%, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwaminyaka yonke kwehliswa ngo-20%.
4. Nciphisa umthwalo namandla esakhiwo
Ukukhetha okubalulekile kufanele kuhlangabezane netorque ephezulu yokusebenza:
Cast iron handwheel: tensile strength ≥200MPa, suitable for heavy loads (>100N・m);
Isondo lesandla se-aluminium ingxubevange: amandla aphansi kancane (150MPa), kodwa alula ngo-50%, ancanyelwa imishini ethile ephathekayo.
4. Umehluko wezimiso wezimo zohlelo lokusebenza ezijwayelekile
1. Isondo lesandla lethuluzi lomshini: Ukulawula ukunemba kokuphakelayo kweleveli ye-micron
Umgomo wokudayela: I-handwheel yokudayela ihlukanisa i-screw lead, njengomthofu ongu-5mm, ukudayela kwamagridi angu-100, futhi igridi ngayinye ingu-0.05mm;
I-Anti-indlela yokuhlehla: Ipheya yentwasahlobo-elayishwe ngaphambili isetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukuhlehla emuva. Ngemuva kokuthi isondo lesandla lesikhungo esithile somshini lisuse ukuhlehla, iphutha elibuyela emuva liyancishiswa lisuka ku-0.02mm liye ku-0.005mm.
2. I-Valve handwheel: Idizayini{1}}yokonga ye-valve yokukhipha itorque enkulu
Ukunciphisa-okuningi kwegiya lesiteji: isondo lesandla → igiya elincane → igiya elikhulu → isiqu sevalvu, isilinganiso sokudlulisela singafinyelela ku-50:1, futhi isondo lesandla sevalvu ye-DN300 liyancishiswa lisuka ku-1200N liye ku-40N ngokuncipha kwezigaba ezi-3;
Impendulo yendawo: Isikhombi esihlanganisiwe kanye nokudayela kubonisa ukuvuleka kwevalvu ukugwema ukulimala kophawu ngenxa-yokuqiniswa kakhulu.
3. Isondo lesandla lempahla yezokwelapha: Izidingo zokungqubuzana okuphansi endaweni eyinyumba
Ama-Ceramic bearings: i-friction coefficient 0.0005, nokumelana nokugqwala, njengesondo lesandla sokulungiswa kombhede we-CT usebenzisa ama-ceramic bearings, ukuqinisekisa izigidi zokujikeleza ngaphandle kwenkinga;
Ukwelashwa kwendawo ebushelelezi: i-electroplating hard chrome (i-roughness Ra Ngaphansi noma ilingana no-0.2μm), kulula ukusula nokubulala amagciwane ngotshwala, ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-ISO 13485 zemishini yezokwelapha.
4. Isondo lesandla se-Aerospace: ukwethembeka ekusebenzeni ekungabini kwesisindo
Idizayini yetorque elinganayo: imaphakathi namandla adonsela phansi esondo lesandla liqondana ne-axis core ukuze kugwenywe ukuzungezisa-ku-eksisi phakathi nesisindo. Isondo lesandla lokulungisa isimo sesathelayithi lifinyelela isikhungo sebhalansi ye-gravity nge-counterweight;
Izinto ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi: i-polyimide (-200℃~{1}}℃) isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okushelelayo ezindaweni ezidlulele zasemkhathini.
5. Amaphuzu abalulekile okuklama nokukhiqiza: Ukulawula inqubo egcwele kusuka ezintweni ezibonakalayo kuya ekunembeni
1. Izimiso ezintathu zokukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo
Ukufanisa ukulayisha: Ipulasitiki ye-ABS (izindleko eziphansi) yomthwalo omncane, i-aluminium alloy (YL112) yomthwalo ophakathi, nensimbi ephonsiwe (HT200) yomthwalo osindayo;
Ukujwayela imvelo: 304 insimbi engagqwali endaweni enomswakama, ithusi (H62) endaweni yokushisa ephezulu. Isondo lesandla lempahla yamakhemikhali lehlulekile ngenxa yokugqwala phakathi nengxenye yonyaka ngoba ayizange isebenzise insimbi engagqwali.
2. Isu lokunqanda{1}}ukushelela lokwelapha ngaphandle
Inqubo ye-Knurling: i-mesh knurling (GB/T 6403.3) enobubanzi obungu-0.5-1mm, ifanele indawo eyomile;
I-Rubber coefficient: irabha ye-nitrile enobulukhuni be-Shore engu-70-80A, i-coefficient ye-friction yokusebenza kwezandla ezimanzi ikhuphuke ibe ngu-0.7, njengomklamo odingekayo we-handwheel ye-diving.
3. Izinga lokunemba nokulawula ukubekezelelana
Ukubekezelela imbobo ye-Shaft: Ukulingana kwe-H7/g6 (ukulingana kokusula) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukujikeleza okuvumelana nezimo kwesondo lesandla. Isondo lesandla lethuluzi lomshini libangele ukugcwala kwesiphakeli ngenxa yembobo ye-shaft eqinile;
Ukuphuma kwe-Radial: Isondo lesandla elinemba Lingaphansi noma lilingana no-0.02mm, isondo lesandla elijwayelekile Ngaphansi noma lilingana no-0.1mm, ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo (ISO 1940) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukujikeleza okushelelayo.
4. Imininingwane yokuhlolwa nokuqinisekiswa kwempilo
Ukuhlolwa kokukhathala: Ukunciphisa ithoshi Ngaphansi noma ilingana no-10% ngemva kokuzungezisa okungu-500,000. Uhlobo oluthile lwesondo lesandla luphumelele izivivinyo eziyizigidi ezingu-1, futhi ukuphila kwalo kuphindwe kabili izinga lemboni;
Ukuhlolwa komthwalo wokugcina: Faka izikhathi ezingu-1.5 i-torque elinganiselwe imizuzu eyi-10 ngaphandle kokuguqulwa ukuze uqinisekise ukuphindaphindeka kokuphepha.
6.Amathrendi embonini: Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Obuhlakaniphe NabobuNtu
1. Isondo lesandla elihlakaniphile: impendulo yendawo yesifaki khodi ehlanganisiwe
Isifaki khodi esiphelele: isignali yedijithali ephumayo lapho isondo lesandla lizungeza, ngokunemba okungu-0.01℃. Ngemuva kokuthi isondo lesandla lethuluzi elithile lomshini we-CNC lihlanganiswe nesishumeki, ukuqoshwa kwedijithali kokuphakelayo okwenziwa ngesandla kuyenziwa;
Inzwa ye-torque: ukuqapha{0}}isikhathi sangempela samandla okusebenza, i-alamu ezenzakalelayo uma ilayishwe kakhulu, njengesondo lesandla lokulungisa impahla yamandla omoya, ukuvimbela ukulimala kwemishini okubangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle.
2. Isondo lesandla elincibilikayo elilungisekayo: ukulungiswa{1}}kwesikhathi sangempela se-torque
I-Magnetorheological damping: lungisa amandla okudambisa ngokusebenzisa amandla amanje, ububanzi obulungisekayo bokuthambisa besondo elithile lensimbi elinemba ngu-0-5N · m, olungahlangabezana nezidingo zokunemba ezihlukene;
I-Mechanical damping: ipuleti le-friction + isakhiwo sentwasahlobo siyamukelwa, ukuzungezisa kalula njengokuhamba kwewashi, ukudambisa okuphambene newashi, ukuvimbela ukuphinda ushayele emuva kwe-mistouch.
3. Idizayini engasindi: Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-carbon fibre
Isondo lesandla sefayibha ye-Carbon: Ukuminyana okungu-1.8g/cm³, 1/4 kuphela yensimbi ecijile, amandla afika ku-300MPa, isondo lesandla elithile lokundiza lehlise isisindo ngo-60%, kanye nokuvumelana nezimo zokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe;
Izikhulumi ezingenalutho: Isakhiwo esingenalutho esiphrintiwe se-3D, ukunciphisa isisindo ngo-30% ngenkathi sigcina amandla, silungele amadivayisi aphathekayo.
4. Ukuthuthukisa{1}}ikhompyutha yomuntu: isibambo esiyindilinga silingana nesundu
Idizayini ye-bionic: I-arc yesibambo ilingana nokugoba kwemvelo kwesundu. Isondo elithile lezokwelapha liphumelele ukuhlolwa kwe-ergonomic, futhi isikhathi sokukhathala sokusebenza sandiswa kusukela kumaminithi angu-30 kuya emahoreni angu-2;
Ukuthuthukiswa kwephethini emelene-nokushelela: kusetshenziswa iphethini yesikhumba sikashaka we-bionic, i-coefficient ye-friction ikhuphuka ngo-20%, futhi ayiwagqoki amagilavu, ahlangabezana nezinga le-industrial ergonomics (ISO 6385).
Isifinyezo
Umgomo womshini wesondo lesandla empeleni "ukuguqulwa okulungiselelwe okokufaka komuntu nokuphuma komshini". Kusukela ekwakhiweni kokungqubuzana kwerimu lamasondo kuya ekudluliselweni okujikelezayo kwesikulufu, kusukela ekwehlisweni kwesivinini segiya kanye nokwenyuka kwe-torque kuya ekumiseni kwesibambo se-ergonomic, yonke imininingwane ibonisa ubuhlakani bomklamo womshini. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile nobungasindi, amasondo ezandla ayathuthukiswa ukusuka ezingxenyeni ezilula zokusebenza ukuya kumatheminali ahlakaniphile anempendulo edidiyelwe nemisebenzi yokulungisa. Okokusebenza kwezimboni, ukuqonda izimiso zomshini zamasondo esandla akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi kugweme izinkinga ezifana "nokwehluleka kokudlulisa amandla" kusukela emthonjeni wokuklama. Kumagagasi okuzenzakalela kanye nokwenza idijithali, amasondo ezandla, "njengomugqa wokugcina wokuvikela{4}}ekusebenzisaneni kwekhompyutha yomuntu", azoqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukunemba kanye nokuba lula kokusebenza kokusebenza ngokusungula{5}}kweleveli emisha.
